Tolklang archive file articles/Appleyard.AVtrans (version of 27 Sept 1994) From: A.Appleyard, C14, Materials Science, UMIST, Manchester 1, England (email: A.APPLEYARD@FS1.MT.UMIST.AC.UK) Revision of 27 Sept 94: Corrected when VT#36 showed that `ensi' = "she" and not "this". A few other minor corrections. [A QUENYA TRANSLATION OF 'THE ANNALS OF VALINOR'] In response to a suggestion by Lisa_McBriety%bitnet.nihdrg@gov.NIH.CU, I translated the Annals of Valinor (The Lost Road, p 110 etseq) into Quenya as a sample of long connected fixed text to see how much grammar and vocabulary would be found which are untranslatable using only the Quenya matter that we know. Each paragraph is preceded by its English translation; I split 3 long paragraphs so that each paragraph plus its translation can fit on a screenful. I have used where necessary such grammatical vinyakaarier as have been published in previous articles by me in Quettar #43 pp3-21 and Quettar #45 pp15-22, but no new words except what I can derive from Tolkien Elvish words known from Etymologies or elsewhere; words which remain untranslatable are left as English in {curly brackets} and are listed below or at the end. ` separates elements of words. Drop it in ordinary spelling. Q = Quenya, S = Sindarin, PE = Proto-Eldarin. AQ = this is explained in TolkLang archive file articles/Appleyard.Quenya VK = vinyakaarie. Comments are in [square brackets]. Sindarin and Ilkorin proper names are usually left as they are. # = see in these notes for the preceding word @ = see in these notes for the suffix or ending of the preceding word. Double vowel = long. Triple vowel = Sindarin circumflex (superlong vowel). A = adjective, AV = adverb, C = conjunction, ITR = intransitive, N = noun, P = preposition, PN = pronoun, TR = transitive, V = verb. MR = Morgoth's Ring (HOME #10, publ. Sept. 1993 by Harper-Collins (London)) Notes re some words:- [QUENYA]:- [-ame] A: adj.superlative < PE 'am' = "over" [-ie-] V on n-past of verb: subordinating optative for intention/etc in the past: < 'e-ren-ek-koit-an-ie' KVNS, 'ull-ie-r' in Notion Club Papers [-iera] V: 'X-iera' = "start to do/be X" < 'yera' # [-iesta] V: 'X-iesta' Y = "make Y do/be X" < 'yesta' # [-io]: N genitive: seems to be the usual end result of '-ieo'. [-ki] (pl. -kin): N,C 'X-ki' = "if X". VK AQ [-ke] (pl. -ken): N,C 'X-ke' = "caused by X". VK AQ [-ko] (pl. -kon): N,C 'X-ko' = "causing X". VK AQ [-koi] (pl. -koin): N,C 'X-koi' = "intending to cause X". VK AQ [-l] (pl. -il): N short ablative VK by analogy with short locative and short allative, used for: agent of passive verb; "for part of the time after"; non-literal "from", "than". AQ. [-lki, -ilki, pl. +n]: N,C ignoring, despite: < ETYM PE 'il' = "not" ETYM + '-ki' "if" VK AQ. [-n] (pl. -in): N,C short allative = dative (PLET etc); "for part of the time up to" AQ. [-no] N: can = "-minded", stem '-now-', < {nowo} [-o]: V impersonal pronoun subject: < SV 'kildo' = "one saw" < '*kilneo' ('eo' > 'o' in 1930's Quenya, but not when LOTR was written except in 'ieo'). [-s] (pl. -is) N: respective case (= "short locative") PLET, used by me for: "on the subject of"; "for part of the duration of"; non-literal "in". AQ. [-sar] A: adj.comparative: < ETYM PE 'thar' = "beyond" [-uve-] V: future-in-past, "happened later", "was to happen later", from ITE [-van] N: plural of the '-va' patientive case VK AQ [-wa, -wan]: N patientive case as after a consonant AQ [aine]: V n-past of 'ea' < PE *'aya' [ala] P: "after", "beyond" BOLT [alaka] A: "excessive": < 'ala' #, '-ka' as in e.g. 'faika' < {spay} ETYM [alaturya] V: "overpower" : 'ala' # + {tur} (power) [ama] P: "above": << ETYM 'amatikse' = "dot above line of writing" [ande] P: "along" < {anda} = "long" [andya] V: "continue" ITR < {anda} (subject is usually an infinitive or other '-ie' noun describing the continuing state or action) [andyata] V: "continue" (trans): Q. 'andya' + causative [anistana] A: "famed": < 'an' + 'ista-na' = "much known" [apa] P: "after" < 'apanoonar' = "afterborn". [ara] V: "have": < PE 'gar' > Sind. 'garo 'ETYM [araka] V: "curse" < PE *'garAk' > S. '(g)rach' = "curse" (MR p373) (not Q. *'ark-', as Q. 'arka' < *'akra' < {ak} = "narrow" ETYM) [ariera] V: "get, obtain": < 'ara' # + 'yera' # = "begin to have" [atse] PN: "herself" < 'ata' = "again" + 3p fem pronoun [atso] PN: "himself, itself" < 'ata' = "again" + 3p masc pronoun [atya] A: "same": < 'ata' = "again", c.f. Greek 'autos' = "same" < Greek 'au' = "again" [au] C: "or": from Arabic, which is the source of Tolkien's 'man' = "who?", 'naar' = "fire", 'ala' BOLT = "after, beyond"; < PE {awa} = "away", as in "either X or Y" X is "away" from Y, not with it, and vice versa. [avarya] V: "refuse": < PE 'abar' ETYM [e] emphatic particle: TLR p63, and e.g. 'e-lye' = "even thou" NAM [ehtat]: N "camp" < PE *'et-kat' > UT Sind. 'ekhat' = "camp" (noun) [engara] V: "get back, recover" < PE 'en-gar' = "again have" [enyala] V: "remember": << 'enyalie' COTE (Best use *'en-tulta' for literal "summon again", to avoid ambiguity) [enyalta] V: "remind" < 'enyala' # [eyalu] C: "even (at the same time) as" < 'e' # + 'ya' + 'luu' [hain-] V: past of 'hea', which see. [haita] V: "keep away" (transitive): < {khay} = "far" + causative. [hallano(a) (hallanoow-)] A: "proud" < "tall-minded", c.f. German 'Hochmut' & Greek 'hypsiphron' [han] P: "on" (i.e. "standing or resting on top of") < {kham} = "sit" [hata-] prefix: "dis-", "apart" < {skat} = "break apart" [hatara] V: "hold captive" < *'ghatghar' < PE 'gat(h)-ghar' > Sind. 'gad(o)r' ETYM [hatarya] V: "take captive": as 'hatara' [hea] V: (past 'haine') "shun, avoid": < PE *'khayaa' < {khay} = "far" [hoo]: A "some": < PE ETYM 'gho' = "some, partitive" [hoswara] V: "betray": {war} = "betray" has other meanings, and in Quenya clashes with 'var' < PE 'bar-', so prefix {khoth} = "enemy" to distinguish. [howanya] V: "retreat, withdraw": 'ho-wanya' (both ETYM) = "go from" [hyapa-]: N 'hyapat' = "coast" ETYM: 't' and case ending consonant often swop places (metathesis) as in PLET dual 'kiryat' [i]: as conjunction or component thereof, = "the following matter": KVNS etc [il- + demonstrative]: A "other": < "not this/that one", as PE 'il' = "not" [ilkawa] A: "immediate, at once": < PE 'il-khaw' = "not waiting" [illin] A: few: < 'il-lin-' = "not many" [illusse] AV: "never" < 'il-lu-sse' = "at no time" [ilen] A: "other": 'il' + 'en' = "not this/that" [ilenya] V: "change" ITR [ilta] V: "complete" TR: < PE 'il' > Q. 'ilya' = "all" [ilya] V: "complete" ITR: < 'ilya' = "all" < PE 'il' [ilyaya] C: "wh--ever" when meaning "any wh--" < 'ilya' = "all" + 'ya' [ilyer] A: "each": < 'ilya-er' = "all one(s)" [istata] V: "warn", "inform": 'ista-ta' = "cause to know" [karya] V: "do": < PE 'kar' = "make". Latin etc have same word for "do" and "make", but I feel these two meanings must be kept distinct. [kola] V: "carry" (< 'Cormacolindor' = "Ring-bearers" LOTR < *{kol}: c.f. Q. 'melindo' ="lover" (masc.) < {mel} [kor] P: "around": < ETYM PE 'kor' [korya] V: "be surrounded": < PE 'kor' [korta] V: "surround": < PE 'kor' [kuino] A: "wary" (stem 'kuinow-'): < {kuy} {nowo} = "awake-minded" [kyera] V: "appeal, pray": < 'kyerme' = "prayer" in description of Nuumenor; but this clashes with statement elsewhere that 'ky' > 'ty' always in Quenya. [larta] V: "cause to wait": < as 'larya' [larya] V: "wait, await, remain": < PE 'dar' > Sind. dartha "wait" etc ETYM. [lin] A: "many": < PE root 'li' ETYM [lol-] P: 'lol' PREP = "across"; 'lolya' V = "cross"; 'lolta' V = "carry across", "ferry": < ETYM PE {lod} [luuya] V: "delay", "linger" (intrans) < {luu} = "time" [maine] V: n-past of 'mea', which see [mak-] < PE 'mak' = "sword", "slay" and also < PE 'mbakh' = "trade". Distinct in compounds: '-mak-' : '-mbak-'. [malya] V: "take captive": < PE ETYM 'mbad'. Beware clash with 'mal-' = "gold". [mank-] V: 'manka' V = "trade" ETYM; 'manke' = past of 'maka' V # = "trade" [manke] V: here is n-past of 'maka', not e-past of 'manka'. [maparin,-nd-] N: "wrist": < Sind. mabrin(d) BOLT [marta] V (BOLT): used by me with non-impersonal subject to mean "happen" [mea] V: (past 'maine', like 'ea') "be able": < *'maghya' = "have in hand for use" < PE 'mag' = "use", 'magh' = "hand": 'maata' V = "make possible" [menka]: "1000": < PE *'mEnek' > & << S. 'Menegroth' = "1000 caves": 'roth' = "cave" BOLT [mihtar] N: 'hostage' < pre-Q 'mitgar' < PE 'miteghghar' < 'mitegh'+{ghar} = "against-held": my idea as to Q. fate of PE doubled 'gh'. [mihtara] V: "hold hostage" [mihtarya] V: "take hostage" [mite] P: "against": < PE 'mitegh' < {mi} {tegh} = "in the way of" [nak-]: < PE 'ndak' = "slay" and also < PE 'nak' = "bite". Distinct in compounds: '-ndak-' / '-nak-'. [nakar] N: "battle": PE 'ndak', Sind. 'dagor' [nambarno] N: "rearguard": < PE 'nan-bar-noo', c.f. 'varno' # [nimbora] V: "advance": < {nib} 'nor-'# = "front move" [nivya] V: "lead" < PE {nib} = "face, front" [noale] N (noali-): "plan, design" < "result of thinking" {now}; V 'noalya' [nor-]: PE VK *{nor} = "move" ITR << {NORO} BOLT "run, ride, spin" & S 'noro!' LOTR "move!": 'nora' = "move" ITR, 'norta' = "move" TR, "drive". [nostal-] V: 'nostalya' = "breed" (subject = the mother); 'nostalta' = "breed" (subject = the keeper of the animals/etc): < Q. N 'nostale' [nura] V: "lie hidden": << 'Nurtale Valinooreva', PE 'nu, nuu' = "below" [nurta] V: "hide" (trans): < 'nura' # [nurya] V: "obey": < PE 'ndur' [nohtila] V: "attack": < 'na' = "to" + 'ohtil' # = "weapon": "go at as with weapon(s)" [nyarle] N (nyarli-): "news" < {nar} + '-le' = "result of telling" [ohtil] N: "weapon": < 'ohta' = "war" + 'X-il' = "tool used for X-ing" [onora] V: "march", "go together": < 'o' = "together" + 'nora' # [onorme] N: "company going together": < 'o' + 'nor-' # + '-me' [palta] V: "spread" TR: < 'palya' + causative [pelta] V: "put a fence round": < {pel(es)} [pinila] V: "become less": << 'pinilya' + "small" SV [quera] V: "turn, rotate": << LOTR adj '(nu)querna' = "turned" [raus-]: "weary": << BOLT Sind. 'drauth' = "weary" if it was the same in PE [rooa] V: "remain": << Sind. 'rooo' BOLT, if similar in PE [sakkata] V: "tear": << 'sakkante' NCPT haplology < *'sakkantente' < {skat} [sama] V: "add": < {sam} = "join" [same] AV: "also", "in addition" < {sam} = "join" [sari] C: "than": < PE 'thar' & 'i' # "beyond the hereinafter-described" [sirat] AV: "already": 'si' = "this" + 'rato' ARCT = "soon" = "now, so soon" [taa] AV: "very": < {taa, tagh} [talya] V: "step": < PE 'tal' = "foot" [takta] V: "moor (of ship), fix": < 'tak' [talya] V: "tread": < {tal} = "foot" [tarama] V: "beat, smite" < PE 'tarama' BOLT [tea] V: "point in a direction, aim" ITR < PE *'tegha' < {tegh} (n-past 'taine'); TR (causative) Q. 'teeta' < *'teghta' [ulka] A & N: "evil" (SD p68 & note 12 on p72) cf {uulug} & LOTR 'henulka' [varno] N: "guard": < Q 'varya' = "protect" < {bar} (NB Q. 'varne' = "brown") [vauta] V: "compel": < as 'vauya' # [vauya] V: "must": < PE 'baug'. (ETYM Quenya 'mau-' (not *'vau-') = "compulsion" is likelier to be < ETYM PE 'mbaw') [vor] AV: "still" (as in "was and still is", not "stationary") < {bor} (ignoring BOLT 'vor' = "ever", as ETYM etc "ever" = 'oi-'). [wan] AV & P: "away", "away from" < {wan} = "go away, vanish" [warta] V: "dispossess": < 'uarta' < PE 'uu-ghar-taa' = "not have cause" [woola] V: "mix": < {wo} {ul} = "together pour" [yera] V: "become"; "begin" (intrans): < PE 'yes' (see 'yesta' #) [yesta] V: "begin" TR: PE root 'yes-' in 'yestare' = "1st day in week" LOTR as if Tolkien changed root ETYM 'es(et)' >> LOTR 'yes' to distinguish from root 'es' = "name". (Idea from Lisa_McBriety%bitnet.nihdrg@gov.NIH.CU) [ENGLISH]:- **** = "I can't logically supply a Quenya translation. Any ideas?" [1000]: 'menka' [able: be able] V: 'mea' (past 'maine'); '-ima' sometimes = "-able" [above] P: 'ama' [across] P: 'lol'; see "cross" [add] V: 'sama' [adj. comparative] A: '-sar' [adj. superlative] A: '-ame' [after] P: 'ala'; 'apa' [against] C: 'mite' if = "resisting or preventing". [along] P: 'ande' [already] AV: 'sirat': emphasizes that the event happened early [also]: 'same' [any] A: **** Needed to form indefinite pronouns. Not always synonymous with "some". [appeal, pray] V: 'kyera' (which see)? [around] P: 'kor' [attack] V: 'nohtila' [await] V: 'larya' [away] A: "away" , "away from" = 'wan'. "keep away" V TR = 'haita', ITR = 'hea' (past 'haine') [back] AV: if V "get back, recover", 'engara' [battle] N: 'nakar' [beat] V: see "smite" if that is the meaning. [become] V: 'yera', '-iera' [begin] V: 'yesta' (in "X begins (to) Y"); 'yera' (in "Y begins") [betray] V: 'hoswara' [breed] V: 'nostalya', 'nostalta' (which see for difference in meaning) [camp] N: 'ehtat' [captive] N: "hold captive" = 'hatara'; "take captive" = 'malya', 'hatarya' [carry] V: 'kola' [change] V: 'ilenya' intrans, 'ilen(ya)ta' trans. [company going together] N: 'onorme' [compel] V: 'vauta' [complete] V: 'ilya' = "be complete"; 'ilta' = "cause to be complete" [continue] V: 'andyata' transitive, 'andya' intransitive [cross] V: 'lolya' [curse] V: 'araka', if "condemn". Michael Everson used 'faiqueta' < {spay} {kwet}; but this is "express contempt", and I need "invoke harm on". NB "contemn" in ETYM = "show contempt towards", "condemn". [despite] AV: see "ignoring" # [direction] N: "point in a direction" = 'tea' intrans, 'teeta' trans < {tegh} [dis-] prefix: "apart" = 'hata-' [dispossess] V: 'warta' [do] V: 'karya' # [Doriath]: may = Q. *'Yasandor' or 'Noor Yaso', if S. 'iaaath' = "fence" < unrecorded PE root *{yath}. [each] A,AV: 'ilyer' [either] A : use the dual of "any" #? [(emphatic particle with pronouns and similar words)]: 'e-' [end] N: for "end" distinguish "stopping even if not complete" (Greek 'peras') from "completion" (Greek 'telos'). [excessive] A: 'alaka' [fence] V: "put a fence round" = 'pelta' [few] A: 'illin' [finish] V: see "complete" [foundation] N: 'tulkie' = "act of founding"; 'talma' = "buried base of wall" [get] V: if "obtain", 'ariera'; if "cause to be", try the '-ta' suffix [great] A: 'alta' ETYM {Alat} [guard] N: 'varno' [have to] V: see "must" [have] V (not as auxiliary): 'ara'; 'na' or 'ea' = "be" with dat. or instr. [hostage] N: 'mihtar'; "hold h." V = 'mihtara', "take h." V = 'mihtarya' [ignoring] P: '-(i)lki' [immediate] A: 'ilkawa' [lead] V: 'nivya' [less] A: "become less" = 'pinila' [make Y become or start to do X] V: 'X-iesta Y' [many] N: usually '-li'; but when separate 'lin' < PE root 'li' ETYM [mix] V: 'woola' [murder] V,N: "slaying a sentient being" needs a word for "sentient" #, and includes "slaying in battle". A separate word for "murder" is needed. # re finding a word for "slay", "kill". [must] V: 'vauya' [never] AV: 'illusse' [news] N: 'nyarle' (stem 'nyarli-') [obey] V: 'nurya' [on] P: 'han': < {kham} = "sit". 'or' = "on" in BOLT, but "above" in COTE. PE root {oro} = "rise", "up", "high", but not "resting or standing on". [or] C: 'au'. Distinction between "X and/or Y" and "X or Y but not both" would be useful: 'arau' = "and/or". [other] A: prefix 'il-' = "not" to a demonstrative, as "not that one". [over] C: if "to the other side of", see 'lol-'; else see "above" [overpower] V: 'alaturya' [pass] V: if "go to the other side of", try 'lol-' [plan] N: 'noale (noali-)'; V 'noalya' [pray] V; see "appeal" [pride] N: 'hallanoowie' [proud] A: 'hallanoa' ('hallanoow-') [prison(er)] N: see "captive" [rearguard] N: 'nambarno' [refuse] V: 'avarya' [remain] V: 'larya', 'rooa' [remember] V: 'enyala' [remind] V: 'enyalta' [retreat] V: 'howanya' [same] A: 'atya' [sentient] A: 'neer' = "sentient male", 'nii'/'nisse' = "sentient female" specify sex; but yet ETYM 'uuner' = "nobody". Needed sometimes to distinguish e.g. "someone" from "something", "whoever" from "whatever". Try 'noova' = "sentient" < {nowo} = "think", 'manno' (stem 'mannov-') = "who and not what?", etc? ('nat' = "thing" ETYM.) Lacking an English word, Tolkien in his internal notes sometimes used C.S.Lewis's 'Malacandrian' (= Martian) word 'hnau'! [slay] V: 'maka': see 'mak' and 'nak' [smite] V: 'tarama' [some] A: 'hoo' [spread] V: 'palya' intrans ETYM; 'palta' trans [start to X, become an X] V: 'X-iera' [step] V: 'talya' [still] AV (as in "was and still is", not "stationary"): 'vor' < {bor} Emphasizes that the condition has persisted a long time. Not 'er', which = "one, alone, but". Ignoring BOLT 'vor' = "ever", as ETYM etc "ever" = 'oi-'. [surround] V: 'korta': "be surrounded" = 'korya' [tear] V: 'sakkata' [than] C: 'sar' before noun, 'sari' before clause. Or (if immediately after the comparative) omit before noun and use 'i' before clause. Or the '-l' case @ of the noun or 'il' ('i-l' #@) before the clause. [tread] V: 'talya' [turn] V: if "rotate", 'quera' [very] AV: 'taa' [wait for] V: 'larya' [warn] V: 'istata' [weapon]: 'ohtil' [weary] A: 'raus-' [wh--ever] C: If "regardless of wh--ever", use '-(i)lki' @; if "any wh--", prefix 'ilya' = "all" to relative pronoun, e.g. *'ilyaya' = "whoever, whatever". [withdraw] V ITR: 'howanya' [wrist] N: 'maparin,-nd-' [yet] AV: see "still" ....................................................... [THE ANNALS OF VALINOR] [YEN`TEEKIER VALINOOREEVA] <<>> Sinome Yen`teekier Valinooreva yestar ar quetar tulkies @ Ardave. <<>> Yestiesse Iluuvatar karne ilyar nati. Ala # tana ["after that"; or 'tanal @' AQ] Valar tulyaner Ardanna. Eante nerte: Manwe, Ulmo, Aule, Orome, Tulkas, Osse, Mandos, Loorien, ar Melkor. Sinaron Manwe ar Melkor ainer [n-past of ea] alt`ami #@, ar ainer onoorot; ar Manwe ea heru Valaron, ar aire. Nan Melkor querne # mailenna ar hallanoowienna #, ar arako #@ esserwa ar uu quet`o @ en, nan esto @ tana Morekoso (yo esse Sindarinwe @ ea Morgoth), Orome, Tulkas, Osse, ar Loorien ainer nessa`sarar @ noasse Iluuvataro, luu`n @ tanwio @ [of devising < 'tanwe'] Ardave, i-il`enil #@ [than the others] lempe; ar Orome nostana ne Yavanna`l @ [to get Y. to clause end: or 'Oromee nostane Yavanna' with PLET distinct acc], ya est`o @ ala tana, nan uu ea Auleo yon. <<>> Taari Valaron ea`r Varda vesse Manweo, ar Yavanna, ya Aule vestane apa tana Ardasse, Valinooresse; Vana i-vanima aine vesse Oromeo; ar Nessa onoone Oromeo aine Tulkaso vesse; ar Uinen heri earion aine vesse Osseo; Vaire lanya`kil mar`ne o Mandossenen, ar Este malwa o Looriendenen. Uu vesse ea Ulmoo, ar uu Melkoo. Uu heru ea Niennan nainiea, tari lumbion, Manweo onoone ar Melkooro. <<>> O tanainen altiinen tulyanente suuleli pinilya`sar @ ealar ["beings", pres. part. of 'ea'] nostale`nto nan tuurenen pinilya`sar @; en`i ea`r i-Vanimor. Ar o eniinen same # tana lu`llo hostane`o @ seldantar, ontainer Ardasse, nan nosseo [ as 'noore' also = "land"] valea, yar ainer linar # ar vanimar [or 'yar ainer vanimali'?]; ea'nte i-Valarindi. <<>> Yestie`s @ notio Luumeva ar tulkies @ Valinooreva. <<