Preface

This manual, C++ User's Guide, explains how to use the C++ compiler and some of the newer C++ language features. This manual complements the C++ documentation set described in the "C++ Documentation" section, below.

Audience

The audience for this book includes software developers writing programs in the C++ language who are familiar with compiled program development and C++ language basics. This book is not a basic text in C++ programming.

Organization of This Book

This book contains the following chapters:

Chapter 1, "Introducing the C++ Compiler," gives an overview of the compiler.
Chapter 2, "Using the C++ Compiler," describes the options available with the compiler.
Chapter 3, "Templates," describes the templates available with the compiler and how to use them.
Chapter 4, "Exception Handling," explains exception handling as currently implemented in the compiler.
Chapter 5, "Runtime Type Information," explains the RTTI options supported by the compiler.
Chapter 6, "Cast Operations," describes new cast operations.
Chapter 7, "Moving from C to C++," describes how to move programs from C to C++.
Chapter 8, "Fortran 77 Interface," describes the Fortran interface with C++.

The book also contains these appendixes:

Appendix A, "Migration Guide," describes how to change old C++ code to new.
Appendix B, "Code Samples," gives examples of C++ programs.
Appendix C, "Localization Support," describes support for languages other than English.

C++ Documentation

Although there is no prerequisite reading for this guide, you should have access to C++ reference books such as The C++ Programming Language by Bjarne Stroustrup. You should also have access to the documents described in the following sections.

.

Table P-1 Summary of C++ Compiler Documentation and Its Location

Document
On-line Books
HTML
On-line ASCII
On-line PostScript
Hard copy

C++ User's Guide
X

X

X

C++ Quick Reference

X

C++ Library Reference
X

X

X

Tools.h++ User's Guide
X

X

X

Tools.h++ Class Library Reference
X

X

X

man pages

/opt/SUNWspro /man

C++ README File

/opt/SUNWspro /READMEs/C++

Sun WorkShop Installation and Licensing Guide
X

X

X

Sun WorkShop Quick Install for Solaris

X

X

"What Every Computer Scientist Should Know About Floating-Point Arithmetic" white paper

/opt/SUNWspro /READMEs /floating-point.ps

Table P-1 Summary of C++ Compiler Documentation and Its Location
Document	On-line Books	HTML	On-line ASCII	On-line PostScript	Hard copy
C++ User's Guide	X	X			X
C++ Quick Reference					X
C++ Library Reference	X	X			X
Tools.h++ User's Guide	X	X			X
Tools.h++ Class Library Reference	X	X			X
man pages			`/opt/SUNWspro /man`
C++ `README` File			`/opt/SUNWspro /READMEs/C++`
Sun WorkShop Installation and Licensing Guide	X	X			X
Sun WorkShop Quick Install for Solaris		X			X
"What Every Computer Scientist Should Know About Floating-Point Arithmetic" white paper				`/opt/SUNWspro /READMEs /floating-point.ps`

Manuals

In addition to the C++ User's Guide, the following books are included in the C++ documentation set.

C++ Library Reference.This guide gives information about how to use the complex, coroutine, and iostream libraries.
Sun WorkShop Installation and Licensing Guide.This manual tells you how to install Sun^TM C++ software, in addition to other software, on the Solaris operating environment.
Tools.h++ User's Guide. This manual introduces you to and tells you how to use the Tools.h++ class library.
Tools.h++ Class Library Reference. The Tools.h++ class library is a set of C++ classes that can greatly simplify your programming while maintaining the efficiency for which C is famous.

Commercially Available Books

The following is a partial list of available books on C++.

Object-Oriented Analysis and Design with Applications, Second Edition, Grady Booch (Addison-Wesley, 1994)

Thinking in C++, Bruce Eckel (Prentice Hall, 1995)

The Annotated C++ Reference Manual, Margaret A. Ellis and Bjarne Stroustrup (Addison-Wesley, 1990)

Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software, Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson and John Vlissides, (Addison-Wesley, 1995)

A C++ Primer, Second Edition, Stanley B. Lippman (Addison-Wesley, 1989)

Effective C++--50 Ways to Improve Your Programs and Designs, Scott Meyers (Addison-Wesley, 1996)

C++ for C Programmers, Ira Pohl (Benjamin/Cummings, 1989)

The C++ Programming Language, Second Edition, Bjarne Stroustrup (Addison-Wesley, 1991)

Online Documentation

Online Books

Certain manuals are provided in online viewing tools that take advantage of dynamically linked headings and cross-references. Online documentation enables you to electronically jump from one subject to another and to search for topics by using a word or phrase.

Online documentation for this product is installed separately. See Sun WorkShop Installation and Licensing Guide for further information on installation.

Programming Utilities and Libraries. This manual covers a few of the tools that can aid you in programming. These include:

lex -- Generates programs used in simple lexical analysis of text, solves problems by recognizing different strings of characters.

yacc -- Takes a description of a grammar and generates a C function to parse the input stream according to that grammar.

prof -- Produces an execution profile of the modules in a program.

make--Automatically maintains, updates, and regenerates related programs and files.

System V make--Describes a version of make that is compatible with older versions of the tool.

sccs--Allows you to control access to shared files and to keep a history of changes made to a project.

m4--Macro language processor.

This manual is bundled with the operating system documentation.
Solaris Linker and Libraries Manual. This book gives information on linking libraries.

Man Pages

Each man page concisely explains a single subject, which could be a user command or library function. Man pages are in:

opt install dir/SUNWspro/man

Table P-2 lists and describes the C++ man pages.

Note - Before you use the man command, insert the name of the directory in which you have chosen to install the C++ compiler at the beginning of your search path. Doing this enables you to use the man command. This is usually done in the .cshrc file, in a line with setenv MANPATH at the start; or in the .profile file, in a line with export MANPATH at the start.

Table P-2 C++ Man Pages
Title	Description
CC	Displays the C++ compilation system
cartpol	Provides Cartesian/polar functions in the C++ complex number math library
cplx.intro	Introduces the C++ complex number math library
cplxerr	Provides complex error-handling functions in the C++ complex number math library
cplxops	Provides arithmetic operator functions in the C++ complex number math library
cplextrig	Provides trigonometric operator functions in the C++ complex number math library
demangle	Decodes a C++ encoded symbol name
filebuf	Buffer class for file I/O
fstream	Provides stream class for file I/O
generic	Provides generic macro definitions used for creating generic types
istream	Supports formatted and unformatted input
ios	Provides basic iostream formatting
ios.intro	Introduces iostream man pages
manip	Provides iostream manipulators
ostream	Supports formatted and unformatted output
queue	Provides list management for task library
sbufprot	Provides protected interface of streambuffer base class
sbufpub	Provides public interface of streambuffer base class
sigfpe	Allows signal handling for specific SIGFPE codes
ssbuf	Provides buffer class for character arrays
stdarg	Handles variable argument list
stdiobuf	Provides buffer and stream classes for use with C stdio
stream_locker	Provides class used for application level locking of iostream class object
stream_MT	Base class that provides dynamic changing of iostream class object to and from MT safely
strstream	Provides stream class for "I/O" using character arrays
task	Provides coroutines in the C++ task library
task.intro	Introduces coroutine library man pages
tasksim	Provides histogram and random numbers for the task library
varargs	Handles variable argument list
vector	Provides generic vector and stack

Table P-3 lists man pages that contain information related to the C++ compiler.

Table P-3 C++-Related Man Pages
Title	Description
c++filt	Copies each file name in sequence and writes it in the standard output after decoding symbols that look like C++ demangled names.
dem	Demangles one or more C++ names that you specify
fbe	Creates object files from assembly language source files.
fpversion	Prints information about the system CPU and FPU
gprof	Produces execution profile of a program
ild	Links incrementally, allowing insertion of modified object code into a previously built executable
inline	Expands inline procedure calls
lex	Generates lexical analysis programs
rpcgen	Generates C/C++ code to implement an RPC protocol
version	Displays version identification of object file or binary
yacc	Converts a context-free grammar into a set of tables for a simple automaton that executes an LALR(1) parsing algorithm

`README` file

The README file highlights important information about the compiler, including:

New/changed features
Software incompatibilities
Current software bugs
Documentation errata

View the README file by typing
CC -readme.

Other READMEs:

C++ Migration Guide

The C++ Migration Guide helps you migrate your code from cfront-based C++ 3.0 to the current compiler. This manual is displayed when you type CC -migration. (The C++ Migration Guide is also found in Appendix A of this manual.)

Articles

"What Every Computer Scientist Should Know About Floating-Point Arithmetic"

A floating-point white paper by David Goldberg. This paper can be found in the README directory:

opt-install-dir/SUNWspro/READMEs

Conventions in Text

The following table describes the typographic conventions and symbols used in this book.

Table P-4 Typographic Conventions
Typeface or Symbol	Meaning	Example
`AaBbCc123`	The names of commands, files, and directories; on-screen computer output	Edit your `.login` file. Use `ls -a` to list all files. `system% You have mail.`
`AaBbCc123`	What you type, contrasted with on-screen computer output	`system%` `su` `Password:`
AaBbCc123	Command-line placeholder: replace with a real name or value	To delete a file, type `rm` filename`.`
AaBbCc123	Book titles, new words or terms, or words to be emphasized	Read Chapter 6 in User's Guide`.` These are called class options. You must be root to do this.
Code samples are included in boxes and may display the following:
`%`	C shell prompt	`system%`
`$`	Bourne and Korn shell prompt	`system$`
`#`	Superuser prompt, all shells	`system#`
`[ ]`	Square brackets contain arguments that can be optional or required.	-d[y\|n]
`\|`	The "pipe" or "bar" symbol separates arguments, only one of which may be used at one time.	-d[y\|n]
`,`	The comma separates arguments, one or more of which may be used at one time.	-xinline=[f1,...fn]
`:`	The colon, like the comma, is sometimes used to separate arguments.	-Rdir[:dir]
`...`	The ellipsis indicates omission in a series.	-xinline=[f1,...fn]
`%`	The percent sign indicates the word following it has a special meaning.	-ftrap=%all
`<>`	In ASCII files, such as the `README` file, angle brackets contain a variable that must be replaced by an appropriate value.	-xtemp=<dir>

Preface

Audience

Organization of This Book

C++ Documentation

Table P-1 Summary of C++ Compiler Documentation and Its Location

Manuals

Commercially Available Books

Online Documentation

Online Books

Man Pages

Table P-2 C++ Man Pages

Table P-3 C++-Related Man Pages

README file

C++ Migration Guide

Articles

"What Every Computer Scientist Should Know About Floating-Point Arithmetic"

Conventions in Text

Table P-4 Typographic Conventions

`README` file