Untitled Document
This part documents the user-visible aspect of GRUB. If you are looking
for the information on the internals, see the Programmer Reference
Manual (@xref{Hacking}).
GRUB originated in 1995 when Erich Boleyn was trying to boot the GNU
Hurd with the University of Utah's Mach 4 microkernel (now known as GNU
Mach). Erich and Brian Ford designed the Multiboot Specification
(see section `Motivation' in The Multiboot Specification), because they were determined not to add to the large
number of mutually-incompatible PC boot methods.
Erich then began modifying the FreeBSD boot loader so that it would
understand Multiboot. He soon realized that it would be a lot easier
to write his own boot loader from scratch than to keep working on the
FreeBSD boot loader, and so GRUB was born.
Erich added many features to GRUB, but other priorities prevented him
from keeping up with the demands of its quickly-expanding user base. In
1999, Gordon Matzigkeit and OKUJI Yoshinori adopted GRUB as an official
GNU package, and opened its development by making the latest sources
available via anonymous CVS. @xref{Obtaining and Building GRUB}, for
more information.
The primary requirement for GRUB is that it be compliant with the
Multiboot Specification, which is described in section `Motivation' in The Multiboot Specification.
The other goals, listed in approximate order of importance, are:
-
Basic functions must be straightforward for end-users.
-
Rich functionality to support kernel experts and designers.
-
Backward compatibility for booting FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, and
Linux. Proprietary kernels (such as DOS, Windows NT, and OS/2) are
supported via a chain-loading function.
Except for specific compatibility modes (chain-loading and the Linux
piggyback format), all kernels will be started in much the same
state as in the Multiboot Specification. Only kernels loaded at 1 megabyte
or above are presently supported. Any attempt to load below that
boundary will simply result in immediate failure and an error message
reporting the problem.
In addition to the requirements above, GRUB has the following features
(note that the Multiboot Specification doesn't require all the features
that GRUB supports):
- Multiple Executable Formats
-
Supports many of the a.out variants plus ELF. Symbol
tables are also loaded.
- Support Non-Multiboot Kernels
-
Supports many of the various free 32-bit kernels that lack Multiboot
compliance (primarily FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, and
Linux). Chain-loading of other boot loaders is also supported.
- Load Multiples Modules
-
GRUB fully supports the Multiboot feature of loading multiple modules.
- Configuration File
-
Supports a human-readable text configuration file with preset boot
commands. The list of commands (see section The list of available commands) are a superset of
those supported on the command line. An example configuration file is
provided in @xref{Configuration}.
- Menu Interface
-
A menu interface listing the preset boot commands, with a programmable
timeout, is available. There is no fixed limit on the number of boot
entries, and the current implementation has space for several hundred.
- Flexible Command Line Interface
-
A fairly flexible command line interface, accessible from the menu,
is available to edit any preset commands, or write a new boot command
set from scratch. If no configuration file is present, GRUB drops to
the command line.
The list of commands (see section The list of available commands) are a subset of those supported
for configuration files. Editing commands closely resembles the Bash
command line (see section `Command Line Editing' in Bash Features), with TAB-completion of commands,
devices, partitions, and files in a directory depending on context.
- Multiple Filesystem Types
-
Supports multiple filesystem types transparently, plus a useful explicit
blocklist notation. The currently supported filesystem types are
BSD FFS, DOS FAT16 and FAT32, Minix fs, Linux
ext2fs, and ReiserFS. See section Filesystem syntax and semantics, for more information.
- Decompression Support
-
Can decompress files which were compressed by @command{gzip}. This
function is both automatic and transparent to the user (i.e. all
functions operate upon the uncompressed contents of the specified
files). This greatly reduces file size and loading time, a particularly
major benefit for floppies.(1)
It is conceivable that some kernel modules should be loaded in a
compressed state, so a different module-loading command can be specified
to avoid uncompressing the modules.
- Access Data on Any Installed Device
-
Supports reading data from any or all floppy or hard disk(s) recognized
by the BIOS, independent of the setting of the root device.
- Independent of Drive Geometry Translation
-
Unlike many other boot loaders, GRUB makes the particular drive
translation irrelevant. A drive installed and running with one
translation may be converted to another translation without any adverse
effects or changes in GRUB's configuration.
- Detect All Installed RAM
-
GRUB can generally find all the installed RAM on a PC-compatible
machine. It uses an advanced BIOS query technique for finding all
memory regions (@xref{Memory detection}). As described on the Multiboot
Specification (see section `Motivation' in The Multiboot Specification), not all kernels make use of
this information, but GRUB provides it for those who do.
- Support Logical Block Address Mode
-
In traditional disk calls (called CHS mode), there is a geometry
translation problem, that is, the BIOS cannot access over 1024
cylinders, so the accessible space is limited to at least 508 MB and to
at most 8GB. GRUB can't universally solve this problem, as there is no
standard interface used in all machines. However, several newer machines
have the new interface, Logical Block Address (LBA) mode. GRUB
automatically detects if LBA mode is available and uses it if
available. In LBA mode, GRUB can access the entire disk.
- Network support
-
GRUB is a disk-based boot loader but also has network support. You can
load OS images from a network by using the TFTP protocol.
Future directions might include an internal programming language for
supporting richer sets of boot options with control statements (which
would make GRUB its own kind of kernel). Support for non-PC hardware
architectures is also planned.(2)
The following is a quotation from Gordon Matzigkeit, a GRUB fanatic:
Some people like to acknowledge both the operating system and kernel when
they talk about their computers, so they might say they use
"GNU/Linux" or "GNU/Hurd". Other people seem to think that the
kernel is the most important part of the system, so they like to call
their GNU operating systems "Linux systems."
I, personally, believe that this is a grave injustice, because the
boot loader is the most important software of all. I used to
refer to the above systems as either "LILO"(3) or "GRUB"
systems.
Unfortunately, nobody ever understood what I was talking about; now I
just use the word "GNU" as a pseudonym for GRUB.
So, if you ever hear people talking about their alleged "GNU" systems,
remember that they are actually paying homage to the best boot loader
around... GRUB!
We, the GRUB maintainers, do not (usually) encourage Gordon's level of
fanaticism, but it helps to remember that boot loaders deserve
recognition. We hope that you enjoy using GNU GRUB as much as we did
writing it.
GRUB uses a special syntax for specifying disk drives which can be
accessed by BIOS. Because of BIOS limitations, GRUB cannot distinguish
between IDE, ESDI, SCSI, or others. You must know yourself which BIOS
device is equivalent to which OS device. Normally, that will be clear if
you see the files in a device or use the command @command{find}
(see section The list of available commands).
The device syntax is like this:
(bios-device[,part-num][,bsd-subpart-letter])
`[]' means the parameter is optional. bios-device should be
either `fd' or `hd' followed by a digit, like `fd0'.
But you can also set bios-device to a hexadecimal or a decimal,
which is a BIOS drive number, so the following are equivalent:
(hd0)
(0x80)
(128)
part-num represents the partition number of bios-device,
starting from zero for primary partitions and from four for extended
partitions, and bsd-subpart-letter represents the BSD disklabel
subpartition, such as `a' or `e'.
A shortcut for specifying BSD subpartitions is
(bios-device,bsd-subpart-letter)
, in this case, GRUB
searches for the first PC partition containing a BSD disklabel, then
finds the subpartition bsd-subpart-letter. Here is an example:
(hd0,a)
The syntax like `(hd0)' represents using the entire disk (or the
MBR when installing GRUB), while the syntax like `(hd0,0)'
represents using the partition of the disk (or the boot sector of the
partition when installing GRUB).
If you enabled the network support, the special drive, `(nd)', is
also available. Before using the network drive, you must initialize the
network. @xref{Network}, for more information.
There are two ways to specify files, by absolute filename and by
blocklist.
An absolute filename resembles a Unix absolute filename, using `/'
for the directory separator (not `\' as in DOS). One example is
`(hd0,0)/boot/grub/menu.lst'. This means the file
`/boot/grub/menu.lst' in the first partition of the first hard
disk. If you omit the device name in an absolute filename, GRUB uses
GRUB's root device implicitly. So if you set the root device to,
say, `(hd1,0)' by the command @command{root}, then
/boot/kernel
is the same as (hd1,0)/boot/kernel
.
A blocklist is used for specifying a file that doesn't appear in the
filesystem, like a chainloader. The syntax is
[offset]+length[,[offset]+length]...
.
Here is an example:
0+100,200+1,300+300
This represents that GRUB should read blocks 0 through 99, block 200,
and blocks 300 through 599. If you omit an offset, then GRUB assumes
the offset is zero.
Like the filename syntax (see section How to specify files), if a blocklist does
not contain a device name, then GRUB uses GRUB's root device. So
(hd0,1)+1
is the same as +1
when the root device is
`(hd0,1)'.
GRUB has both a simple menu interface for choosing preset entries from a
configuration file, and a highly flexible command line for performing
any desired combination of boot commands.
GRUB looks for its configuration file as soon as it is loaded. If one
is found, then the full menu interface is activated using whatever
entries were found in the file. If you choose the command line menu
option, or if the configuration file was not found, then GRUB drops to
the command line interface.
The command line interface provides a prompt and after it an editable
text area much like a command line in Unix or DOS. Each command is
immediately executed after it is entered (4). The commands (see section The list of available commands) are a subset of those available in
the configuration file, used with exactly the same syntax.
Cursor movement and editing of the text on the line can be done via a
subset of the functions available in the Bash shell:
- C-f
-
- PC right key
-
Move forward one character.
- C-b
-
- PC left key
-
Move back one character.
- C-a
-
- HOME
-
Move to the start of the line.
- C-e
-
- END
-
Move the the end of the line.
- C-d
-
- DEL
-
Delete the character underneath the cursor.
- C-h
-
- BS
-
Delete the character to the left of the cursor.
- C-k
-
Kill the text from the current cursor position to the end of the line.
- C-u
-
Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the line.
- C-y
-
Yank the killed text back into the buffer at the cursor.
- C-p
-
- PC up key
-
Move up through the history list.
- C-n
-
- PC down key
-
Move down through the history list.
When typing commands interactively, if the cursor is within or before
the first word in the command-line, pressing the TAB key (or
C-i) will display a listing of the available commands, and if the
cursor is after the first word, the TAB will provide a
completion listing of disks, partitions, and filenames depending on the
context.
Note that you cannot use the completion functionality in the TFTP
filesystem. This is because TFTP doesn't support filename listing for
the security.
The menu interface is quite easy to use. Its commands are both
reasonably intuitive and described on screen.
Basically, the menu interface provides a list of boot entries to
the user to choose from. Use the arrow keys to select the entry of
choice, then press RET to run it. An optional timeout is
available to boot the default entry (the first one if not set), which is
aborted by pressing any key.
Commands are available to enter a bare command line by pressing c
(which operates exactly like the non-config-file version of GRUB, but
allows one to return to the menu if desired by pressing ESC) or to
edit any of the boot entries by pressing e.
The menu entry editor looks much like the main menu interface, but the
lines in the menu are individual commands in the selected entry instead
of entry names.
If an ESC is pressed in the editor, it aborts all the changes made
to the configuration entry and returns to the main menu interface.
When a particular line is selected, the editor places the user at a
special version of the GRUB command line to edit that line. When the
user hits RET, GRUB replaces the line in question in the boot
entry with the changes (unless it was aborted via ESC,
in which case the changes are thrown away).
If you want to add a new line to the menu entry, press o if adding
a line after the current line or press O if before the current
line.
To delete a line, hit the key d. Although GRUB does not support
undo unfortunately, you can do almost the same thing by just
returning to the main menu.
In this chapter, we list all commands that are available in GRUB.
Commands belong to different groups. A few can only be used in
the global section of the configuration file (or "menu"); most
of them can be entered on the command line and can be either used
in the menu or in the menu entries.
The semantics used in parsing the configuration file are the following:
-
The menu-specific commands have to be used before any others.
-
The files must be in plain-text format.
-
`#' at the beginning of a line in a configuration file means it is
only a comment.
-
Options are separated by spaces.
-
All numbers can be either decimal or hexadecimal. A hexadecimal number
must be preceded by `0x', and is case-insensitive.
-
Extra options or text at the end of the line is ignored unless otherwise
specified.
-
Unrecognized commands are added to the current entry, except before entries
start, where they are ignored.
These commands can only be used in the menu:
- Command: default num
-
Set the default entry to the entry number num. Numbering starts
from 0, and entry number 0 is the default if the command is not used.
- Command: fallback num
-
Go into unattended boot mode: if the default boot entry has any errors,
instead of waiting for the user to do anything, immediately start
over using the num entry (same numbering as the
default
command). This obviously won't help if the machine was rebooted by a
kernel that GRUB loaded.
- Command: hiddenmenu
-
Don't display the menu. If the command is used, no menu will be
displayed on the control terminal, and the default entry will be
booted after the timeout expired. The user can still request the
menu to be displayed by pressing ESC before the timeout
expires.
- Command: password passwd [new-config-file]
-
Disable all interactive editing control (menu entry editor and
command line) and entries protected by the command @command{lock}. If
the password passwd is entered, it loads the new-config-file
as a new config file and restarts the GRUB Stage 2, if
new-config-file is specified. Otherwise, GRUB will just unlock the
privileged instructions.
- Command: timeout sec
-
Set a timeout, in sec seconds, before automatically booting the
default entry (normally the first entry defined).
- Command: title name ...
-
Start a new boot entry, and set its name to the contents of the rest of
the line, starting with the first non-space character.
Commands usable both in the menu and in the command line.
- Command: bootp
-
Initialize a network device via the BOOTP protocol. This command
is only available if GRUB is compiled with netboot support.
- Command: color normal [highlight]
-
Change the menu colors. The color normal is used for most
lines in the menu, and the color highlight is used to highlight the
line where the cursor points. If you omit highlight, then the
inverted color of normal is used for the highlighted line.
The format of a color is
foreground/background
. foreground and
background are symbolic color names. A symbolic color name must be
one of these:
-
black
-
blue
-
green
-
cyan
-
red
-
magenta
-
brown
-
light-gray
These below can be specified only for the foreground.
-
dark-gray
-
light-blue
-
light-green
-
light-cyan
-
light-red
-
light-magenta
-
yellow
-
white
But only the first eight names can be used for background. You can
prefix blink-
to foreground if you want a blinking
foreground color.
This command can be used in the configuration file and on the command
line, so you may write something like this in your configuration file:
# Set default colors.
color light-gray/blue black/light-gray
# Change the colors.
title OS-BS like
color magenta/blue black/magenta
- Command: device drive file
-
In the grub shell, specify the file file as the actual drive for a
BIOS drive drive. You can use this command to create a disk
image, and/or to fix the drives guessed by GRUB when GRUB fails to
determine them correctly, like this:
grub> device (fd0) /floppy-image
grub> device (hd0) /dev/sd0
This command can be used only in the grub shell (see section Invoking the grub shell).
- Command: dhcp
-
Initialize a network device via the DHCP protocol. Currently,
this command is just an alias for @command{bootp}, since the two
protocols are very similar. This command
is only available if GRUB is compiled with netboot support.
- Command: hide partition
-
Hide partition by setting the hidden bit in its partition
type code. This is useful only when booting DOS or Windows
and multiple primary FAT partitions exist in one disk.
- Command: part_new part type from to
-
Create a new primary partition. part is a partition specification
in GRUB syntax (@xref{Naming convention}); type is the partition
type and must be a number in the range
0-0xff
; from and
to are the starting and ending sectors, expressed as an absolute
sector number.
- Command: part_type part type
-
Change the type of an existing partition. part is a partition
specification in GRUB syntax (@xref{Naming convention}); type
is the new partition type and must be a number in the range 0-0xff.
- Command: rarp
-
Initialize a network device via the RARP protocol. This command
is only available if GRUB is compiled with netboot support.
- Command: serial [@option{--unit=}unit] [@option{--port=}port] [@option{--speed=}speed] [@option{--word=}word] [@option{--parity=}parity] [@option{--stop=}stop] [@option{--device=}dev]
-
Initialize a serial device. unit is a number in the range 0-3
specifying which serial port to use; default is 0, that corresponds
the port often called COM1. port is the I/O port where the UART
is to be found; if specified it takes precedence over unit.
speed is the transmission speed; default is 9600. word and
stop are the number of data bits and stop bits. Data bits must
be in the range 5-8 and stop bits are 1 or 2. Default is 8 data bits
and one stop bit. parity is one of @option{no}, @option{odd},
@option{even} and defaults to @option{no}. The option @option{--device}
can only be used in the GRUB shell and is used to specify the
tty device to be used in the host Operating System.
The serial port is not used as a communication channel unless the
terminal command is used.
This command is only available if GRUB is compiled with serial support.
- Command: setkey to_key from_key
-
Change the keyboard map. The key from_key is mapped to the key
to_key. Note that this command does not exchange the
keys. If you want to exchange the keys, run this command again with the
arguments exchanged, like this:
grub> setkey capslock control
grub> setkey control capslock
A key must be an alphabet, a digit, or one of these symbols:
`escape', `exclam', `at', `numbersign',
`dollar', `percent', `caret', `ampersand',
`asterisk', `parenleft', `parenright', `minus',
`underscore', `equal', `plus', `backspace',
`tab', `bracketleft', `braceleft', `bracketright',
`braceright', `enter', `control', `semicolon',
`colon', `quote', `doublequote', `backquote',
`tilde', `shift', `backslash', `bar', `comma',
`less', `period', `greater', `slash',
`question', `alt', `space', `capslock', `FX'
(`X' is a digit), and `delete'. This table describes to which
character each of the symbols corresponds:
- `exclam'
-
`!'
- `at'
-
`@'
- `numbersign'
-
`#'
- `dollar'
-
`$'
- `percent'
-
`%'
- `caret'
-
`^'
- `ampersand'
-
`&'
- `asterisk'
-
`*'
- `parenleft'
-
`('
- `parenright'
-
`)'
- `minus'
-
`-'
- `underscore'
-
`_'
- `equal'
-
`='
- `plus'
-
`+'
- `bracketleft'
-
`['
- `braceleft'
-
`{'
- `bracketright'
-
`]'
- `braceright'
-
`}'
- `semicolon'
-
`;'
- `colon'
-
`:'
- `quote'
-
`''
- `doublequote'
-
`"'
- `backquote'
-
``'
- `tilde'
-
`~'
- `backslash'
-
`\'
- `bar'
-
`|'
- `comma'
-
`,'
- `less'
-
`<'
- `period'
-
`.'
- `greater'
-
`>'
- `slash'
-
`/'
- `question'
-
`?'
- `space'
-
` '
- Command: terminal [@option{--dumb}] [@option{--timeout=}secs] [console] [serial]"
-
Select a terminal for user interaction. The terminal is assumed to be
vt100 compatible unless @option{--dumb} is specified. If both
@option{console} and @option{serial} are specified, then GRUB will use
the one where a key is entered first. If neither are specified, the
current setting is reported. Default is @option{console}.
This command is only available if GRUB is compiled with serial support.
- Command: tftpserver ipaddr
-
Override a TFTP server address returned by a BOOTP/DHCP/RARP server. The
argument ipaddr must be in dotted decimal format, like
`192.168.0.15'. This command is only available if GRUB is compiled
with netboot support.
- Command: unhide partition
-
Unhide partition by clearing the hidden bit in its partition
type code. This is useful only when booting DOS or Windows and multiple
primary partitions exist in one disk.
These commands are usable in the command line and in menu entries. If
you forget a command, you can run the command @command{help}.
- Command: blocklist file
-
Print the blocklist notation of the file file (see section How to specify blocklists).
- Command: boot
-
Boot the OS/chain-loader which has been loaded. Only necessary if
running the fully interactive command line (it is implicit at the end of
a menu entry).
- Command: cat file
-
Display the contents of the file file. This command may be useful
to remind you of your OS's root partition:
grub> cat /etc/fstab
- Command: chainloader [@option{--force}] file
-
Load file as a chain-loader. Like any other file loaded by the
filesystem code, it can use the blocklist notation to grab the first
sector of the current partition with `+1'. If you specify the
option @option{--force}, then load file forcibly, whether it has a
correct signature or not. This is required when you want to load a
defective boot loader, such as SCO Unixware 7.1.
- Command: cmp file1 file2
-
Compare the file file1 with the file file2. If they differ
in size, print the sizes like this:
Differ in size: 0x1234 [foo], 0x4321 [bar]
If the sizes are equal but the bytes at an offset differ, then print the
bytes like this:
Differ at the offset 777: 0xbe [foo], 0xef [bar]
If they are completely identical, nothing will be printed.
- Command: configfile file
-
Load file as a configuration file.
- Command: debug
-
Toggle debug mode (by default it is off). When debug mode is on, some
extra messages are printed to show disk activity. This global debug flag
is mainly useful for GRUB developers when testing new code.
- Command: displaymem
-
Display what GRUB thinks the system address space map of the machine is,
including all regions of physical RAM installed. GRUB's
upper/lower memory display uses the standard BIOS interface for
the available memory in the first megabyte, or lower memory, and a
synthesized number from various BIOS interfaces of the memory starting
at 1MB and going up to the first chipset hole for upper memory
(the standard PC upper memory interface is limited to reporting a
maximum of 64MB).
- Command: embed stage1_5 device
-
Embed the Stage 1.5 stage1_5 in the sectors after the MBR if
device is a drive, or in the boot loader area if device
is a FFS partition or a ReiserFS partition.(5) Print the number of sectors which
stage1_5 occupies, if successful.
- Command: find filename
-
Search for the filename filename in all of partitions and print
the list of the devices which contain the file. The filename
filename should be an absolute filename like
/boot/grub/stage1
.
- Command: fstest
-
Toggle filesystem test mode.
Filesystem test mode, when turned on, prints out data corresponding to
all the device reads and what values are being sent to the low-level
routines. The format is `<partition-offset-sector,
byte-offset, byte-length>' for high-level reads inside a
partition, and `[disk-offset-sector]' for low-level sector
requests from the disk.
Filesystem test mode is turned off by any use of the @command{install}
or @command{testload} commands.
- Command: geometry drive [cylinder head sector [total_sector]]
-
Print the information for the drive drive. In the GRUB shell, you
can set the geometry of the drive arbitrarily. The number of the
cylinders, the one of the heads, the one of the sectors and the one of
the total sectors are set to CYLINDER, HEAD, SECTOR and TOTAL_SECTOR,
respectively. If you omit TOTAL_SECTOR, then it will be calculated
based on the C/H/S values automatically.
- Command: halt @option{--no-apm}
-
The commands halts the computer. If the @option{--no-apm} option
is specified, no APM BIOS call is performed. Otherwise, the computer
is shut down using APM.
- Command: help [pattern ...]
-
Display helpful information about builtin commands. If you do not
specify pattern, this command shows short descriptions of all
available commands. If you specify any patterns, it displays
longer information about each of the commands which match those
patterns.
- Command: impsprobe
-
Probe the Intel Multiprocessor Specification 1.1 or 1.4 configuration
table and boot the various CPUs which are found into a tight loop. This
command can be used only in the Stage 2.
- Command: initrd file ...
-
Load an initial ramdisk for a Linux format boot image and set the
appropriate parameters in the Linux setup area in memory.
- Command: install [@option{--force-lba}] stage1_file [@option{d}] dest_dev stage2_file [addr] [@option{p}] [config_file] [real_config_file]
-
This command is fairly complex, and you should not use this command
unless you are familiar with GRUB. In short, it will perform a full
install presuming the Stage 2 or Stage 1.5(6)
is in its final install location.
In slightly more detail, it will load stage1_file, validate that
it is a GRUB Stage 1 of the right version number, install a blocklist for
loading stage2_file as a Stage 2. If the option @option{d} is
present, the Stage 1 will always look for the actual disk
stage2_file was installed on, rather than using the booting
drive. The Stage 2 will be loaded at address addr, which must be
`0x8000' for a true Stage 2, and `0x2000' for a Stage 1.5. If
addr is not present, GRUB will determine the address
automatically. It then writes the completed Stage 1 to the first block
of the device dest_dev. If the options @option{p} or
config_file are present, then it reads the first block of stage2,
modifies it with the values of the partition stage2_file was found
on (for @option{p}) or places the string config_file into the area
telling the stage2 where to look for a configuration file at boot
time. Likewise, if real_config_file is present and
stage2_file is a Stage 1.5, then the Stage 2 config_file is
patched with the configuration filename real_config_file. This
command preserves the DOS BPB (and for hard disks, the partition table)
of the sector the Stage 1 is to be installed into.
Caution: Several buggy BIOSes don't pass a booting drive
properly when booting from a hard disk drive. Therefore, you will have
to specify the option @option{d}, whether your Stage2 resides at the
booting drive or not, if you have such a BIOS unfortunately. We know
these are defective in that:
-
-
Fujitsu LifeBook 400 BIOS version 31J0103A
-
-
HP Vectra XU 6/200 BIOS version GG.06.11
Caution2: A number of BIOSes don't return a correct LBA support
bitmap even if they do have the support. So GRUB provides a solution to
ignore the wrong bitmap, that is, the option @option{--force-lba}. Don't
use this option if you know that your BIOS doesn't have LBA support.
- Command: ioprobe drive
-
Probe I/O ports used for the drive drive. This command will list
the I/O ports on the screen. For technical information, @xref{I/O ports detection}.
- Command: kernel [@option{--type=type}] file ...
-
Attempt to load the primary boot image (Multiboot a.out or ELF,
Linux zImage or bzImage, FreeBSD a.out, NetBSD a.out, etc.) from
file. The rest of the line is passed verbatim as the kernel
command line. Any modules must be reloaded after using this command.
This command also accepts the option @option{--type} so that you can
specify the kernel type of file explicitly. The argument
type must be one of these: `netbsd', `freebsd',
`openbsd', `linux', `biglinux', and
`multiboot'. However, you need to specify it only if you want to
load a NetBSD ELF kernel, because GRUB can automatically determine
a kernel type in the other cases, quite safely.
- Command: lock
-
Prevent normal users from executing arbitrary menu entries. You must use
the command @command{password} if you really want this command to be
useful.
This command is used in a menu, as shown in this this example:
title This entry is too dangerous to be executed by normal users
lock
root (hd0,a)
kernel /no-security-os
- Command: makeactive
-
Set the active partition on the root disk to GRUB's root device.
This command is limited to primary PC partitions on a hard disk.
- Command: map to_drive from_drive
-
Map the drive from_drive to the drive to_drive. This is
necessary when you chain-load some operating systems, such as DOS, if
such an OS resides at a non-first drive. Here is an example:
grub> map (hd0) (hd1)
grub> map (hd1) (hd0)
The example exchanges the order between the first hard disk and the
second hard disk.
- Command: module file ...
-
Load a boot module file for a Multiboot format boot image (no
interpretation of the file contents are made, so that user of this
command must know what the kernel in question expects). The rest of the
line is passed as the module command line, like the
@command{kernel} command. You must load a Multiboot kernel image before
loading any module.
- Command: modulenounzip file ...
-
The same as @command{module}, except that automatic decompression is
disabled.
- Command: pause message ...
-
Print the message, then wait until a key is pressed. Note that
placing ^G (ASCII code 7) in the message will cause the speaker to
emit the standard beep sound, which is useful when prompting the user to
change floppies.
- Command: quit
-
Exit from the GRUB shell @command{grub} (see section Invoking the grub shell). This command can be used only in the GRUB shell.
- Command: reboot
-
Reboot the computer.
- Command: read addr
-
Read a 32-bit value from memory at address addr and display it in
hex format.
- Command: root device [hdbias]
-
Set the current root device to the device device, then
attempt to mount it to get the partition size (for passing the partition
descriptor in
ES:ESI
, used by some chain-loaded boot loaders), the
BSD drive-type (for booting BSD kernels using their native boot format),
and correctly determine the PC partition where a BSD sub-partition is
located. The optional hdbias parameter is a number to tell a BSD
kernel how many BIOS drive numbers are on controllers before the current
one. For example, if there is an IDE disk and a SCSI disk, and your
FreeBSD root partition is on the SCSI disk, then use a `1' for
hdbias.
- Command: rootnoverify device [hdbias]
-
Similar to @command{root}, but don't attempt to mount the
partition. This is useful for when an OS is outside of the area of the
disk that GRUB can read, but setting the correct root device is still
desired. Note that the items mentioned in @command{root} above which
derived from attempting the mount will not work correctly.
- Command: savedefault
-
Save the current menu entry as default entry.
- Command: setup [@option{--force-lba}] install_device [image_device]
-
Set up the installation of GRUB automatically. This command uses the
more flexible command @command{install} in the backend and installs GRUB
into the device install_device. If image_device is
specified, then find the GRUB images in the device image_device,
otherwise use the current root device, which can be set by the
command @command{root}. If install_device is a hard disk, then
embed a Stage 1.5 in the disk if possible.
The option @option{--force-lba} is just passed to @command{install} if
specified. See the description on @command{install}, for more
information.
- Command: testload file
-
Read the entire contents of file in several different ways and
compares them, to test the filesystem code. The output is somewhat
cryptic , but if no errors are reported and the final `i=X,
filepos=Y' reading has X and Y equal, then it is
definitely consistent, and very likely works correctly subject to a
consistent offset error. If this test succeeds, then a good next step is
to try loading a kernel.
- Command: uppermem kbytes
-
Force GRUB to assume that only kbytes kilobytes of upper memory
are installed. Any system address range maps are discarded.
Caution: This should be used with great caution, and should
only be necessary on some old machines. GRUB's BIOS probe can pick up
all RAM on all new machines the author has ever heard of. It can
also be used for debugging purposes to lie to an OS.
This chapter describes error messages reported by GRUB when you
encounter trouble. See section Invoking the grub shell, if your problem is
specific to the grub shell.
The general way that the Stage 1 handles errors is to print an error
string and then halt. Pressing CTRL-ALT-DEL will
reboot.
The following is a comprehensive list of error messages for the Stage 1:
- Hard Disk Error
-
The stage2 or stage1.5 is being read from a hard disk, and the attempt
to determine the size and geometry of the hard disk failed.
- Floppy Error
-
The stage2 or stage1.5 is being read from a floppy disk, and the attempt
to determine the size and geometry of the floppy disk failed. It's listed
as a separate error since the probe sequence is different than for hard
disks.
- Read Error
-
A disk read error happened while trying to read the stage2 or stage1.5.
- Geom Error
-
The location of the stage2 or stage1.5 is not in the portion of the disk
supported directly by the BIOS read calls. This could occur because the
BIOS translated geometry has been changed by the user or the disk is
moved to another machine or controller after installation, or GRUB was
not installed using itself (if it was, the Stage 2 version of this error
would have been seen during that process and it would not have completed
the install).
The general way that the Stage 1.5 handles errors is to print an error
number in the form Error num
and then halt. Pressing
CTRL-ALT-DEL will reboot.
The error numbers correspond to the errors reported by Stage
2. See section Errors reported by the Stage 2.
The general way that the Stage 2 handles errors is to abort the
operation in question, print an error string, then (if possible) either
continue based on the fact that an error occurred or wait for the user to
deal with the error.
The following is a comprehensive list of error messages for the Stage 2
(error numbers for the Stage 1.5 are listed before the colon in each
description):
- 1 : Filename must be either an absolute filename or blocklist
-
This error is returned if a filename is requested which doesn't fit the
syntax/rules listed in the section Filesystem syntax and semantics.
- 2 : Bad file or directory type
-
This error is returned if a file requested is not a regular file, but
something like a symbolic link, directory, or FIFO.
- 3 : Bad or corrupt data while decompressing file
-
This error is returned the run-length decompression code gets an
internal error. This is usually from a corrupt file.
- 4 : Bad or incompatible header in compressed file
-
This error is returned if the file header for a supposedly compressed
file is bad.
- 5 : Partition table invalid or corrupt
-
This error s returned if the sanity checks on the integrity of the
partition table fail. This is a bad sign.
- 6 : Mismatched or corrupt version of stage1/stage2
-
This error is returned if the install command is pointed to incompatible
or corrupt versions of the stage1 or stage2. It can't detect corruption
in general, but this is a sanity check on the version numbers, which
should be correct.
- 7 : Loading below 1MB is not supported
-
This error is returned if the lowest address in a kernel is below the
1MB boundary. The Linux zImage format is a special case and can be
handled since it has a fixed loading address and maximum size.
- 8 : Kernel must be loaded before booting
-
This error is returned if GRUB is told to execute the boot sequence
without having a kernel to start.
- 9 : Unknown boot failure
-
This error is returned if the boot attempt did not succeed for reasons
which are unknown.
- 10 : Unsupported Multiboot features requested
-
This error is returned when the Multiboot features word in the Multiboot
header requires a feature that is not recognized. The point of this is
that the kernel requires special handling which GRUB is likely unable to
provide.
- 11 : Unrecognized device string
-
This error is returned if a device string was expected, and the string
encountered didn't fit the syntax/rules listed in the section Filesystem syntax and semantics.
- 12 : Invalid device requested
-
This error is returned if a device string is recognizable but does not
fall under the other device errors.
- 13 : Invalid or unsupported executable format
-
This error is returned if the kernel image being loaded is not
recognized as Multiboot or one of the supported native formats (Linux
zImage or bzImage, FreeBSD, or NetBSD).
- 14 : Filesystem compatibility error, cannot read whole file
-
Some of the filesystem reading code in GRUB has limits on the length of
the files it can read. This error is returned when the user runs into
such a limit.
- 15 : File not found
-
This error is returned if the specified filename cannot be found, but
everything else (like the disk/partition info) is OK.
- 16 : Inconsistent filesystem structure
-
This error is returned by the filesystem code to denote an internal
error caused by the sanity checks of the filesystem structure on disk
not matching what it expects. This is usually caused by a corrupt
filesystem or bugs in the code handling it in GRUB.
- 17 : Cannot mount selected partition
-
This error is returned if the partition requested exists, but the
filesystem type cannot be recognized by GRUB.
- 18 : Selected cylinder exceeds maximum supported by BIOS
-
This error is returned when a read is attempted at a linear block
address beyond the end of the BIOS translated area. This generally
happens if your disk is larger than the BIOS can handle (512MB for
(E)IDE disks on older machines or larger than 8GB in general).
- 19 : Linux kernel must be loaded before initrd
-
This error is returned if the initrd command is used before loading a
Linux kernel. Similar to the above error, it only makes sense in that
case anyway.
- 20 : Multiboot kernel must be loaded before modules
-
This error is returned if the module load command is used before loading
a Multiboot kernel. It only makes sense in this case anyway, as GRUB has
no idea how to communicate the presence of location of such modules to a
non-Multiboot-aware kernel.
- 21 : Selected disk does not exist
-
This error is returned if the device part of a device- or full filename
refers to a disk or BIOS device that is not present or not recognized by
the BIOS in the system.
- 22 : No such partition
-
This error is returned if a partition is requested in the device part of
a device- or full filename which isn't on the selected disk.
- 23 : Error while parsing number
-
This error is returned if GRUB was expecting to read a number and
encountered bad data.
- 24 : Attempt to access block outside partition
-
This error is returned if a linear block address is outside of the disk
partition. This generally happens because of a corrupt filesystem on the
disk or a bug in the code handling it in GRUB (it's a great debugging
tool).
- 25 : Disk read error
-
This error is returned if there is a disk read error when trying to
probe or read data from a particular disk.
- 26 : Too many symbolic links
-
This error is returned if the link count is beyond the maximum
(currently 5), possibly the symbolic links are looped.
- 27 : Unrecognized command
-
This error is returned if an unrecognized command is entered into the
command line or in a boot sequence section of a configuration file and
that entry is selected.
- 28 : Selected item cannot fit into memory
-
This error is returned if a kernel, module, or raw file load command is
either trying to load its data such that it won't fit into memory or it
is simply too big.
- 29 : Disk write error
-
This error is returned if there is a disk write error when trying to
write to a particular disk. This would generally only occur during an
install of set active partition command.
- 30 : Invalid argument
-
This error is returned if an argument specified to a command is invalid.
- 31 : File is not sector aligned
-
This error may occur only when you access a ReiserFS partition by
block-lists (e.g. the command @command{install}). In this case, you
should mount the partition with the `-o notail' option.
- 32 : Must be authenticated
-
This error is returned if you try to run a locked entry. You should
enter a correct password before running such an entry.
This chapter documents the grub shell @command{grub}. Note that the grub
shell is an emulator; it doesn't run under the native environment, so it
sometimes does something wrong. Therefore, you shouldn't trust it too
much. If there is anything wrong with it, don't hesitate to try the
native GRUB environment, especially when it guesses a wrong map between
BIOS drives and OS devices.
You can use the command @command{grub} for installing GRUB under your
operating systems and for a testbed when you add a new feature into GRUB
or when fix a bug. @command{grub} is almost the same as the Stage 2,
and, in fact, it shares the source code with the Stage 2 and you can use
the same commands (see section The list of available commands) in @command{grub}. It is emulated by
replacing BIOS calls with UNIX system calls and libc functions.
The command @command{grub} accepts the following options:
- @option{--help}
-
Print a summary of the command line options and exit.
- @option{--version}
-
Print the version number of GRUB and exit.
- @option{--verbose}
-
Print some verbose messages for debugging purpose.
- @option{--device-map=file}
-
Use the device map file file. The format is described in
section The map between BIOS drives and OS devices.
- @option{--no-floppy}
-
Do not probe any floppy drive. This option has no effect if the option
@option{--device-map} is specified (see section The map between BIOS drives and OS devices).
- @option{--probe-second-floppy}
-
Probe the second floppy drive. If this option is not specified, the grub
shell does not probe it, as that sometimes takes a long time. If you
specify the device map file (see section The map between BIOS drives and OS devices), the grub shell just
ignores this option.
- @option{--config-file=file}
-
Read the configuration file file instead of
`/boot/grub/menu.lst'. The format is the same as the normal GRUB
syntax. See section Filesystem syntax and semantics, for more information.
- @option{--boot-drive=drive}
-
Set the stage2 boot_drive to drive. This argument should be
an integer (decimal, octal or hexadecimal).
- @option{--install-partition=par}
-
Set the stage2 install_partition to par. This argument
should be an integer (decimal, octal or hexadecimal).
- @option{--no-config-file}
-
Do not use the configuration file even if it can be read.
- @option{--no-curses}
-
Do not use the curses interface even if it is available.
- @option{--batch}
-
This option has the same meaning as `--no-config-file --no-curses'.
- @option{--read-only}
-
Disable writing to any disk.
- @option{--hold}
-
Wait until a debugger will attach. This option is useful when you want
to debug the startup code.
The installation procedure is the same as under the native Stage
2. @xref{Installation}, for more information. The command
@command{grub}-specific information is described here.
What you should be careful about is buffer cache. @command{grub}
makes use of raw devices instead of filesystems that your operating
systems serve, so there exists a potential problem that some cache
inconsistency may corrupt your filesystems. What we recommend is:
-
If you can unmount drives to which GRUB may write any amount of data,
unmount them before running @command{grub}.
-
If a drive cannot be unmounted but can be mounted with the read-only
flag, mount it in read-only mode. That should be secure.
-
If a drive must be mounted with the read-write flag, make sure that any
activity is not being done on it during running the command
@command{grub}.
-
Reboot your operating system as soon as possible. Probably that is not
required if you follow these rules above, but reboot is the most secure
way.
In addition, enter the command @command{quit} when you finish the
installation. That is very important because @command{quit} makes
the buffer cache consistent. Do not push C-c.
If you want to install GRUB non-interactively, specify `--batch'
option in the command line. This is a simple example:
#!/bin/sh
# Use /usr/sbin/grub if you are on an older system.
/sbin/grub --batch <<EOT 1>/dev/null 2>/dev/null
root (hd0,0)
setup (hd0)
quit
EOT
When you specify the option @option{--device-map} (see section Introduction into the grub shell),
the grub shell creates the device map file automatically unless it
already exists. The filename `/boot/grub/device.map' is preferred.
If the device map file exists, the grub shell reads it to map BIOS
drives to OS devices. This file consists of lines like this:
device file
device is a drive, which syntax is the same as the one in GRUB
(see section How to specify devices), and file is an OS's file, which is
normally a device file.
The reason why the grub shell gives you the device map file is that it
cannot guess the map between BIOS drives and OS devices correctly in
some environments. For example, if you exchange the boot sequence
between IDE and SCSI in your BIOS, it mistakes the order.
Thus, edit the file if the grub shell makes a mistake. You can put any
comments in the file if needed, as the grub shell assumes that a line is
just a comment if the first character is `#'.
The program @command{grub-install} installs GRUB on your drive by the
grub shell (see section Invoking the grub shell). You must specify the
device name on which you want to install GRUB, like this:
grub-install install_device
The device name install_device is an OS device name or a GRUB
device name.
@command{grub-install} accepts the following options:
- @option{--help}
-
Print a summary of the command line options and exit.
- @option{--version}
-
Print the version number of GRUB and exit.
- @option{--force-lba}
-
Force GRUB to use LBA mode even for a buggy BIOS. Use this option only
if your BIOS doesn't work in LBA mode even though it supports LBA mode.
- @option{--root-directory=dir}
-
Install GRUB images under the directory dir instead of the root
directory. This option is useful when you want to install GRUB into a
separate partition or a removable disk. Here is an example when you have
a separate boot partition which is mounted on `/boot':
grub-install --root-directory=/boot '(hd0)'
- @option{--grub-shell=file}
-
Use file as the grub shell. You can append arbitrary options to
file after the filename, like this:
grub-install --grub-shell="grub --read-only" /dev/fd0
The program @command{mbchk} checks for the format of a Multiboot
kernel. We recommend using this program before booting your own kernel
by GRUB.
@command{mbchk} accepts the following options:
- @option{--help}
-
Print a summary of the command line options and exit.
- @option{--version}
-
Print the version number of GRUB and exit.
- @option{--quiet}
-
Suppress all normal output.
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