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All examples should be runnable programs. You can, in most cases, test the code sections by piping the program text directly to perl.
get()
function that return
the document specified by its URL argument:
use LWP::Simple; $doc = get 'http://www.sn.no/libwww-perl/';
or, as a perl one-liner using the getprint()
function:
perl -MLWP::Simple -e 'getprint "http://www.sn.no/libwww-perl/"'
or, how about fetching the latest perl by running this:
perl -MLWP::Simple -e ' getstore "ftp://ftp.sunet.se/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/src/latest.tar.gz", "perl.tar.gz"'
You will probably first want to find a CPAN site closer to you by running something like the following command:
perl -MLWP::Simple -e 'getprint "http://www.perl.com/perl/CPAN/CPAN.html"'
Enough of this simple stuff! The LWP object oriented interface gives you more control over the request sent to the server. Using this interface you have full control over headers sent and how you want to handle the response returned.
use LWP::UserAgent; $ua = new LWP::UserAgent; $ua->agent("$0/0.1 " . $ua->agent); # $ua->agent("Mozilla/5.0") # pretend you are some very new Netscape browser
$req = new HTTP::Request 'GET' => 'http://www.sn.no/libwww-perl'; $req->header('Accept' => 'text/html');
# send request $res = $ua->request($req);
# check the outcome if ($res->is_success) { print $res->content; } else { print "Error: " . $res->code . " " . $res->message; }
The lwp-request program (alias GET) that is distributed with the library can also be used to fetch documents from WWW servers.
use LWP::Simple;
if (head($url)) { # ok document exists }
The head()
function really returns a list of meta-information
about the document. The first three values of the list returned are the
document type, the size of the document, and the age of the document.
More control over the request or access to all header values returned require that you use the object oriented interface described for GET above. Just s/GET/HEAD/g.
use LWP::UserAgent; $ua = new LWP::UserAgent;
my $req = new HTTP::Request 'POST','http://www.perl.com/cgi-bin/BugGlimpse'; $req->content_type('application/x-www-form-urlencoded'); $req->content('match=www&errors=0');
my $res = $ua->request($req); print $res->as_string;
If your application has the key/value pairs to be posted in an associative array, then we can exploit the URI::URL module to create the content for the POST request message (it handles all the escaping issues):
%form = ( search => 'www', errors => 0 );
use URI::URL; use LWP::UserAgent; $ua = new LWP::UserAgent;
my $req = new HTTP::Request 'POST', 'http://www.perl.com/cgi-bin/BugGlimpse'; $req->content_type('application/x-www-form-urlencoded');
my $curl = url("http:"); # create an empty HTTP URL object $curl->query_form(%form); $req->content($curl->equery); # %form content as escaped query string
print $ua->request($req)->as_string;
The lwp-request program (alias POST) that is distributed with the library can also be used for posting data.
You should initialize your proxy setting before you start sending requests:
use LWP::UserAgent; $ua = new LWP::UserAgent; $ua->env_proxy; # initialize from environment variables # or $ua->proxy(ftp => 'http://proxy.myorg.com'); $ua->proxy(wais => 'http://proxy.myorg.com'); $ua->no_proxy(qw(no se fi));
my $req = new HTTP::Request 'wais://xxx.com/'; print $ua->request($req)->as_string;
The LWP::Simple interface will call env_proxy()
for you
automatically. Applications that use the $ua->env_proxy() method will
normally not use the $ua->proxy() and $ua->no_proxy() methods.
use LWP::UserAgent; $ua = new LWP::UserAgent; $req = new HTTP::Request GET => 'http://www.sn.no/secret/'; $req->authorization_basic('aas', 'mypassword'); print $ua->request($req)->as_string;
The other alternative is to provide a subclass of LWP::UserAgent that overrides the get_basic_credentials()
method. Study the lwp-request
program for an example of this.
use LWP::Simple;
%mirrors = ( 'http://www.sn.no/' => 'sn.html', 'http://www.perl.com/' => 'perl.html', 'http://www.sn.no/libwww-perl/' => 'lwp.html', 'gopher://gopher.sn.no/' => 'gopher.html', );
while (($url, $localfile) = each(%mirrors)) { mirror($url, $localfile); }
Or, as a perl one-liner:
perl -MLWP::Simple -e 'mirror("http://www.perl.com/", "perl.html")';
The document will not be transfered unless it has been updated.
use LWP::UserAgent; $ua = new LWP::UserAgent;
my $req = new HTTP::Request 'GET', 'http://www.sn.no/~aas/perl/www/libwww-perl-5.00.tar.gz'; $res = $ua->request($req, "libwww-perl.tar.gz"); if ($res->is_success) { print "ok\n"; }
Or you can process the document as it arrives (second $ua->request() argument is a code reference):
use LWP::UserAgent; $ua = new LWP::UserAgent; $URL = 'ftp://ftp.unit.no/pub/rfc/rfc-index.txt';
my $expected_length; my $bytes_received = 0; $ua->request(HTTP::Request->new('GET', $URL), sub { my($chunk, $res) = @_; $bytes_received += length($chunk); unless (defined $expected_length) { $expected_length = $res->content_length || 0; } if ($expected_length) { printf STDERR "%d%% - ", 100 * $bytes_received / $expected_length; } print STDERR "$bytes_received bytes received\n";
# XXX Should really do something with the chunk itself # print $chunk; });
use LWP::Simple; use HTML::Parse; print parse_html(get 'http://www.sn.no/libwww-perl/')->format;
use URI::URL; $host = url("http://www.sn.no/")->host;
or
use URI::URL; $u = url("ftp://ftp.sn.no/test/aas;type=i"); print "Protocol scheme is ", $u->scheme, "\n"; print "Host is ", $u->host, " at port ", $u->port, "\n";
or even
use URI::URL; my($host,$port) = (url("ftp://ftp.sn.no/test/aas;type=i")->crack)[3,4];
use URI::URL; $BASE = "http://www.sn.no/some/place?query"; while (<>) { print url($_, $BASE)->abs->as_string, "\n"; }
We can expand URLs in an HTML document by using the parser to build a tree that we then traverse:
%link_elements = ( 'a' => 'href', 'img' => 'src', 'form' => 'action', 'link' => 'href', );
use HTML::Parse; use URI::URL;
$BASE = "http://somewhere/root/"; $h = parse_htmlfile("xxx.html"); $h->traverse(\&expand_urls, 1);
print $h->as_HTML;
sub expand_urls { my($e, $start) = @_; return 1 unless $start; my $attr = $link_elements{$e->tag}; return 1 unless defined $attr; my $url = $e->attr($attr); return 1 unless defined $url; $e->attr($attr, url($url, $BASE)->abs->as_string); }
base()
method.
$BASE = $res->base;
$CommentsMailTo = "perl5@dcs.ed.ac.uk"; include("syssies_footer.inc");?>